Between the early Pyrrhus and Cinéas and the later“Must We Burn Sade?” we discern the impact of what mightbe called Beauvoir’s phenomenological turn to the body. Once sheabandons the idea that our freedom, as absolutely internal, is immunefrom an assault by the other, and accepts the radical vulnerability ofour lived embodiment, questions of violence and desire cannot besevered from the question of our shared humanity or questions ofethics and justice. In condemning Sade for his perversion of theerotic, Beauvoir also faults him as an artist. Though she accuses himof being a technically poor writer, the heart of her criticism isethical not aesthetic. Sade, according to Beauvoir, violated hisobligations as an author. Instead of revealing the world to us in itspromise and possibilities, and instead of appealing to us to work forjustice, he took refuge in the imaginary and developed metaphysicaljustifications for suffering and cruelty. In the end, Beauvoir accusesSade of being the serious man described in her Ethics ofAmbiguity.
The problem-posing method does not dichotomize the activity of teacher-student: she is not "cognitive" at one point and "narrative" at another. She is always "cognitive," whether preparing a project or engaging in dialogue with the students. He does not regard objects as his private property, but as the object of reflection by himself and his students. In this way, the problem-posing educator constantly re-forms his reflections in the reflection of the students. The students -- no longer docile listeners -- are now--critical co-investigators in dialogue with the teacher. The teacher presents the material to the students for their consideration, and re-considers her earlier considerations as the students express their own. The role of the problem-posing educator is to create, together with the students, the conditions under which knowledge at the level of the doxa is superseded by true knowledge at the level of the logos. Whereas banking education anesthetizes and inhibits creative power, problem-posing education involves a constant unveiling of reality. The former attempts to maintain the submersion of consciousness; the latter strives for the emergence of consciousness and critical intervention in reality.
In The Second Sex, de Beauvoir describes the subjugation of woman, defines a method for her liberation, and recommends strategies for this liberation that still have not been implemented today....
(“Simone”)
Despite her warm memories of going to early morning mass as a little girl with her mother and of drinking hot chocolate on their return, Beauvoir eventually pulled away from the with which Francoise de Beauvoir hoped to infuse in her.
(“Simone”)
Weighing the good things against the bad things in this world evoked a belief in an afterlife, and the fifteen-year-old Beauvoir chose to stay with her life here on earth.
She also began keeping a journal--which became a lifetime habit--and writing some stories.Link with SartreWhen de Beauvoir was 21 she joined a group of philosophy students including Jean-Paul Sartre.
The instructor’s views are line with the views that Mill had on liberty. This because most concepts of liberty were influenced by the issues put across by John Stuart Mill. He contributed to the understanding of liberty. He described ‘liberty’ as the freedom to do ones own will or the lack of compulsion. He was of the view that the situation was that which an individual is protected from oppression. He perceived liberty to be the freedom for one to exercise authority or act as he felt like. He analyzed the nature and extent of power that society can legitimately apply on its members. He used the harm principle to make his analysis. This stated that an individual has the right to do as wishes as long as what he engages in does not harm others. The society cannot intervene even in situations where the individual might harm himself. However, the harm principle prevents the individual from causing permanent harm to both himself and his property. He was of the view that the individual was sovereign thus could anything whether beneficial to himself or not. However, Mills principle did not apply for people living in ‘backward’ states. In his states, the government can interfere with the activities of the people so long as it has the interests of the people at heart. Mills was of the view that power can rightfully be applied against any member of the society only to the individual from hurting other individuals. Mills viewed freedom under a legitimate government whose aim was preserving the greatest good.
The raison d'etre of libertarian education, on the other hand, lies in its drive towards reconciliation. Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconciling the poles of the contradiction so that both are simultaneously teachers and students.
Pyrrhus and Cinéas, published one year afterShe Came To Stay, is Beauvoir’s first philosophical essay. Itaddresses such fundamental ethical and political issues as: What arethe criteria of ethical action? How can I distinguish ethical fromunethical political projects? What are the principles of ethicalrelationships? Can violence ever be justified? It examines thesequestions from an existential-phenomenological perspective. Taking thesituation of the concrete existing individual as its point ofdeparture, it provides an analysis of the ways that as particularsubjects we are necessarily embedded in the world, and inescapablyrelated to others. Though not feminist in any identifiable sense,Pyrrhus and Cinéas raises such compelling feministquestions as: Under what conditions, if any, may I speak for/ in thename of another?
It is through these autobiographies that de Beauvoir's readers best know her, and it is in her book , an early feminist manifesto, that de Beauvoir synthesized that life into the context of the historical condition of women.The first child of a vaguely noble couple, de Beauvoir was a willful girl, prone to temper tantrums.
De Beauvoir, it was implied as much as stated, was the mother-figure to generations of women, a symbol of all that they could be, and a powerful demonstration of a life of freedom and autonomy (Evans 1).